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Shepherds of the Romans
The shepherds of the Romans ((ラテン語:pastores Romanorum)) were a population living in the Carpathian Basin at the time of the Hungarian conquest of the territory around 900, according to the ''Gesta Hungarorum'' and other medieval sources.
==Hungary: the pasturing land of the Romans==
The identification of the lowlands east of the Middle Danube as pasturing lands was first recorded in Emperor Constantine VII's ''De administrando imperio'' ("On Administering the Empire") in connection with the towns of Dalmatia. The Emperor wrote that "the Avars had their haunts on the far side of the river Danube", adding that the Dalmatians saw "the beasts and men on the far side of the river"〔''Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio'' (ch. 30), p. 141.〕 when they visited the borderlands. In contrast with the Byzantine Emperor, Odo of Deuil who marched through Hungary in 1147 mentioned that the lands west of the river were said to have been the pasturing lands of Julius Caesar.
According to an early 13th-century report by one Friar Ricardus, a lost Hungarian chronicle''The Deeds of the Christian Hungarians''stated that Hungary had been called the pasturing lands of the Romans before the Magyars conquered it. The identification of Hungary as the one-time ''pascua Romanorum'' ("the Romans' pasturing lands") was also mentioned in the ''Rhymed Chronicle of Stična'' from the 1240s, in Thomas the Archdeacon's ''History of the Bishops of Slanona and Split'', which was written after 1250, and in the ''Anonymi descriptio Europae orientalis'' from the early 14th century. On the other hand, Simon of Kéza and the 14th-century Hungarian chronicles did not refer to Hungary as the Romans' pasturing land. Instead, they wrote of the "shepherds and husbandmen"〔''Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians'' (ch. 1.14), p. 55.〕 or the "farm-workers and shepherds"〔''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 14), p. 95.〕 of the Roman citizens of Pannonia, Pamphylia, Macedonia, Dalmatia and Phrygia who stayed behind when their masters fled from these Roman provinces after the arrival of the Huns. Both Simon of Kéza and the 14th-century identified these "shepherds and husbandmen" as Vlachs.
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